球速体育welcome，球速体育还有DB体育

大家好，今天来为大家解答球速体育welcome这个问题的一些问题点，包括球速体育还有DB体育也一样很多人还不知道，因此呢，今天就来为大家分析分析，现在让我们一起来看看吧！如果解决了您的问题，还望您关注下本站哦，谢谢~

一、有关网球的全英语介绍

Tennis(tennis) is a beautiful and vigorous campaign, the sport's origin and development can be summed up in four sentences: bred in France, was born in the United Kingdom, and the popularity of the beginning of the formation of a climax in the United States, now popular around the world, said For the world's second largest ball games. Modern tennis in general, including indoor and outdoor tennis tennis in two forms. Tennis originated 12-13 century French missionaries in the church corridors in the palm of your hand with a ball game. The court later became an indoor entertainment and recreational activities. It was also suggested that tennis should be traced back to the origin of"the Hundred Years War"(1337~ 1453 war between Britain and France) in France before the spread of a civil Mingjiaohaiou de Wumai the ball game. It is said that this game is for two people, each one armed racket, golf course around the walled, the ball hit the wall after the bomb went back and then over the net. As a result, in terms of the use of space and equipment, or the conduct of the games approach, with modern sport, there are many similarities, so it was regarded as the sport's original shape. By the mid-14th century, France, a poet, this ball game introduced to the French court, as the noble men and women of the royal family entertainment. At that time, to play this game, is the site of the palace hall, there is no net and no rackets, the balls are rolled with a cloth after the round tied with a rope into the. Site set up in the middle of a rope for the community, to use two hands to make a racket, throw the ball from the ropes to throw, called the French Tennez, English is called"Takeit! Play", which means:"seize! Lost in the past," today"Tennis(Tennis)" the phrase that comes from this. Soon, the wooden racket was used in place of two-handed tap. In the early 16th century, the game ball by the French people, out of curiosity began to follow the example, quickly spread to major cities and at the same time to improve the equipment. To create a more durable ball, beat parchment sheet read by the board, making surface area to enlarge, grip the handles are longer. Space in the middle of the rope to increase the numerous short rope to the ground dropped the ball from the rope through the following can be clearly found. France's King Louis was later banned, and that it is the prerogative of the court in the game. In the early 17th century, the site is no longer in the middle rope curtain, and the use of small sub-grid network, the network's role better than the curtain, beat the network to switch to threading film, flexible and lightweight convenience. In court in France for this game, next to the stadium to place a golden container, after each game, the audience will be after the money invested, as the winner of the prize. This approach is intended well at first, then gradually evolved into a kind of gambling. The number is still small at the start, the more time goes by the bigger gamble, even to go bankrupt, therefore, the dispute after another, the King of France was banned for such a game again, and this is tennis in the early 18th century, the main reason for the decline.

In about 1358 to 1360, this ball game spread to France from Britain. Britain's King Edward III of particular interest to have ordered the construction of a palace in the indoor stadium. Since then, the beginning of tennis popular in the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom to become a kind of upper class entertainment, there is a"noble sport" Blair said. This period is mainly popular indoor tennis. Until September 29, 1793, the United Kingdom in a"sport" magazine, only the"tennis venue", it is called.

Modern history of the sport in general from the beginning of 1873. That year, British沃尔特克洛Compton Winfield early to improve the tennis game, make it a summer on the lawn for a sports and the name"lawn tennis." In the same year also published a"lawn tennis" has been published on such activities to publicize and promote themselves. So Winfield referred to as"the founder of modern tennis." Since then, tennis has become an indoor, outdoor sports can be carried out. At the same time, the British set up around the tennis club. In 1875 and established the All England Tennis Club. The club built the world's first tennis court, and in 1877 organized the All England Lawn Tennis Championships men's singles, that was world-famous Wimbledon tennis tournament. Tennis to carry out a wide range of activities and competitions have become increasingly frequent, there is no uniform rules, of course, is not acceptable. So in 1876, and in some areas by well-known tennis clubs to send their representatives to attend meetings to discuss research and the development of an all-British unification of the rules of tennis. After several rounds of consultations, the parties finally on behalf of the sport venues, equipment, and play games and so on has made consistent, and the formation of a unified rule. In about 1878, most of the British tennis club have gradually carried out in accordance with the new play, for training and competition.

In 1874, Bermuda vacation Maliaote President of the United States in the bridge to watch the British officers of tennis, this sport interesting, so will the rules of tennis, tennis and taken to the net to shoot in New York. In the United States, the sport was first in the eastern part of the school carried out, and soon spread to Central, Western, which has been popular in the United States. At this time the sport has evolved from the grass in the sand, cement floor, held tar game on the ground, the"tennis(Tennis)" to gradually substitute the name"lawn tennis(LawnTennis)" name, which is Today, tennis(Tennis) the origin of the name.

Modern tennis initial stage of the women are often excluded on the grounds that the sport is not suitable for women. At the same time that women's participation in the sport, indecent. Therefore, early tennis tournament with only two men's singles and doubles, women's tennis is not set up the project. However, a number of female athletes not only have the courage to break through public opinion and to obstruct the family, and the technical level of some of the more than men. In some informal singles matches often occur on one side are the men, on the other side is the female players. This forced some of the tennis club had to get rid of the ban to allow women to participate in this campaign. So from the beginning of 1879 the birth of a mixed race, the women's own efforts.

In 1878, the first men's doubles championships to be held in England. In 1879, the first women's singles and mixed doubles matches to be held in Ireland. In 1884, an increase of Wimbledon women's singles and men's doubles championship. 1913 also increased women's doubles and mixed doubles championships.

In 1881, there have been the world's first national tennis association, the United States National Lawn Tennis Association("National" should be canceled in 1920). The year will be from August 31 to September 3, in Newport, Rhode Island in Hong Kong held its first session of the United States Lawn Tennis men's singles and men's doubles championship, the use of the Wimbledon tournament rules, to participate in the competition's 26 People.

U.S. Chairman of the National Network of grassland and the United States men's singles champion Dwight Sears, also participated in the first Wimbledon Championships overseas athletes.

In 1887, held the United States Lawn Tennis Championships women's singles, women's doubles and mixed doubles respectively at the beginning of 1890 and 1892.

In 1891, France held the first men's singles and men's doubles championship, the participants limited to citizens of France, women's singles began in 1897.

In 1900, the 21-year-old American tennis player Davis, in order to promote the development of modern tennis, donated a gold in the village of large silver bowl, known as the Davis Cup. It later became the highest international prestige tennis men's team championship trophy of a permanent flow. The annual championship team and the team's name engraved on the Cup, when in 1920 the name of Keman, Davis also donated a box pad, after the addition of two pallets.

In 1904, Australia Lawn Tennis Association and in 1905 began hosting the tournament in Australia, set the men's singles, men's doubles of the two projects. 1922 also increased women's singles, women's doubles and three mixed doubles. France Tennis Championships, Wimbledon Championships Britain, the United States and Australia Tennis Championships tennis tournament together the world's most prestigious"Grand Slam" tennis tournament. Any one player or group of players doubles in the same season, won four championship titles, will be"grand slam" winner of the honor.

March 1, 1913, from 12 countries such as Australia's tennis association representatives, was set up in Paris, the International Tennis Federation(ITF), to coordinate the activities of the International Tennis arranged schedule of matches throughout the year, amendments to the rules of tennis and oversee its implementation. In 1919, drawing a"seed". In 1927, Britain's first seamless tennis, so that the ball speed up. In 1945 to 60 years, tended to professional tennis. In 1963 launched the women's team event- the Federation Cup. 1968 Wimbledon first practice is not to distinguish between amateur and professional athletes participating in the system. In 1972, the international men's professional tennis players Association. In 1973, the International Women's Tennis Association.

In 1896 in Athens, held the first modern Olympic Games, tennis men's singles and doubles is listed as an official event. Later, as the International Olympic Committee and the International Tennis Federation in the"amateur athlete" on the issue of differences has been going on for the seventh consecutive Olympic tennis event has been canceled. Until the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, tennis was as performances. To the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, tennis was re-classified as an official event.

As the most primitive origins of the sport is on the court, so the points system materials is understandable. They can take the clock struck to score, each will have a clock at a quarter turn, is 15 points(a quarter, minute), the same token, a clock will be set aside two hours to 30 hours Of course, all of them are based on convenience. That's 15 points, 30 points of origin.

As for the 40 minutes, compared with its strange, it is not a multiple of 15. This is because in English, read for 15 minutes"fifteen", for the two-syllable, and read for 30 minutes"thirty", is also a two-syllable; but 45 hours to study English as"forty-five", turned into three Syllable, when the British feel a bit hard to pronounce, is not in line with the"convenience", then put it into the same for the two-syllable of the 40(forty). This is what it seems illogical and 40 minutes of the origin.

Although this method of calculation and it seems a little odd, but still follow the traditional use ever since, after all, we all have become accustomed to this method of calculation from the court.

原文：网球(tennis)是一项优美而激烈的运动,网球运动的由来和发展可以用四句话来概括：孕育在法国，诞生在英国，开始普及和形成高潮在美国，现在盛行全世界，被称为世界第二大球类运动。现代网球运动一般包括室内网球和室外网球两种形式。网球运动最早起源于12至13世纪法国传教士在教堂回廊里用手掌击球的一种游戏。后来成为宫廷里的一种室内消遣娱乐活动。也有人认为，网球运动的起源应追溯到“百年战争”（1337年～1453年英法两国战争）以前在法国民间流传的一种名叫海欧·德·巴乌麦的球类游戏。据说这种游戏是两个人进行的，每人各执一个球拍，球场的周围筑有围墙，球撞到墙上后被弹回去，而后过网。因此，无论从使用的场地和器具上，还是从进行游戏的方法上，它与现代网球运动都有许多相似之处，所以有人把它看作是网球运动的原初形态。到了14世纪中叶，法国的一位诗人把这种球类游戏介绍到法国宫廷中，作为皇室贵族男女的消遣。当时玩这种游戏，场地是宫廷内的大厅，没有网也没有球拍，球是用布卷成圆形后用绳子绑成的。场地中间架起一条绳子为界，利用两手作球拍，把球从绳上丢来丢去，法语叫作Tennez，英语叫作“Takeit！Play”，意即：“抓住！丢过去”，今天“网球（Tennis）”一语即来源于此。不久，木板的球拍被用来代替两手拍球。16世纪初，这项球类游戏被法国国民发现，出于好奇心开始仿效，很快地传播到各大城市，同时改良了用具。球制造得比较耐用，拍子由木板改为羊皮纸板，拍面面积放大，握把的柄也加长。场地中间的绳子，增加无数短绳子向地面垂下，球从绳子下面经过时，可以明显地发觉。后来被法国国王路易斯下令禁止，并规定这是宫廷中的特权游戏。17世纪初，场地中间不再用绳帘，而改用小方格网子，网比帘的作用更好，拍子改用穿线的网拍，富有弹性而且轻巧方便。在法国宫廷中作这种游戏时，球场旁边放置一只金色容器，每次比赛完毕后，观众将金钱投入盘中，作为胜利者的奖品。这种方法起初的用意很好，后来渐渐演变成为一种赌博。开始时数目尚小，久而久之越赌越大，甚至有人因此倾家荡产，于是纠纷迭起，法国国王遂下令禁止再作此种游戏，这就是18世纪初期网球衰败的主要原因。

大约在1358年～1360年间，这种球类游戏从法国传到了英国。英国国王爱德华三世对此特别感兴趣，下令在宫内建造一处室内球场。从此，网球开始在英国流行，成为英国上层社会的一种娱乐活动，所以有“贵族运动”之雅称。这期间流行的主要是室内网球。直到1793年9月29日，在英国的一份《体育运动》杂志上，才有了“场地网球”的叫法。

现代网球运动的历史一般是从1873年开始的。那年，英国人沃尔特·克洛普顿·温菲尔德将早期的网球打法加以改进，使之成为夏天在草坪上进行的一种体育活动，并取名“草地网球”。同年还出版了一本以《草地网球》为题的小册子，对这种活动进行宣传和推广。所以温菲尔德被称为“近代网球的创始人”。此后网球便成为一项室内、户外都能进行的体育项目。同时在英国各地建立网球运动俱乐部。1875年又建立了全英网球运动俱乐部。这个俱乐部建造了世界上的第一个网球场地，并于1877年举办了全英草地网球男子单打锦标赛，即后来闻名于世的温布尔登网球赛。网球运动的广泛开展和比赛活动的日益频繁，没有统一的规则当然是不行的。于是在1876年，由一些地区的著名网球运动俱乐部派出代表，一起开会研究和讨论制定一个全英统一的网球规则。经过多次协商，各方代表终于对网球运动的场地、设备、打法和比赛等方面取得了一致的意见，并形成了一个统一的规则。大约在1878年以后，英国大多数网球俱乐部都逐渐按照新的打法开展活动，进行训练和比赛。

1874年，在百慕大度假的美国女士玛丽·奥特布里奇在观看了英国军官的网球比赛后，对这项体育活动颇感兴趣，于是将网球规则、网拍和网球带到纽约。在美国，网球运动最初是在东部各学校中开展的，不久就传到中部、西部，进而在全美得到普及。此时网球运动已经由草地上演变到可以在沙土上、水泥地上、柏油地上举行比赛，于是“网球（Tennis）”的名称就慢慢替代了“草地网球（LawnTennis）”的名称，这是我们今天网球（Tennis）名称的由来。

现代网球运动开展的初期，妇女常被排斥在外，其理由是网球运动不适合于妇女。同时认为妇女参加网球运动，有伤风化。因此早期的网球比赛只设有男子单打和双打两项，不设女子网球项目。但是一些女选手不仅敢于冲破社会舆论和家庭的阻挠，而且技术水平有的还超过了男选手。在一些非正规的单打比赛中常常出现一边是男选手、另一边是女选手的情况。这才迫使一些网球俱乐部不得不破除这一禁令，允许妇女参加这一运动。所以从1879年开始诞生了男女混合双打比赛，这是妇女自身努力奋斗的结果。

1878年，第一次男子双打锦标赛在英格兰举行。1879年，第一次女子单打和混合双打比赛在爱尔兰举行。1884年，温布尔登增加了女子单打和男子双打锦标赛。1913年又增加了女双和混双锦标赛。

1881年，世界上出现了第一个全国性的网球协会，即美国全国草地网球协会（“全国”两字于1920年取消）。该会于当年8月31日至9月3日，在罗得岛纽波特港举行第一届美国草地网球男子单打和男子双打锦标赛，采用了温布尔登的比赛规则，参加比赛的有26人。

美国全国草地网协主席德怀特和美国男单冠军西尔斯，也是最早参加温布尔登锦标赛的海外运动员。

1887年，开始举行美国草地网球女子单打锦标赛，女子双打和混合双打分别开始于1890年和1892年。

1891年，法国首次举行男子单打和男子双打锦标赛，参加者限于法国公民，女子单打始于1897年。

1900年，21岁的美国网球运动员戴维斯，为了推动现代网球运动的发展，捐赠了一只黄金村里的纯银大钵，名为戴维斯杯。它后来成为国际网坛声望最高的男子团体锦标赛的永久性的流动奖杯。每年的冠军队和队员的名字刻在杯上，当1920年刻满名字后，戴维斯又捐赠了一只垫盒，以后又增添了两只托盘。

1904年，澳大利亚草地网球协会成立，并于1905年开始主办澳大利亚锦标赛，设男子单打、男子双打两个项目。1922年又增加了女子单打、女子双打和混合双打三项。法国网球锦标赛、英国温布尔登网球锦标赛、美国网球锦标赛和澳大利亚网球锦标赛合在一起是世界上最有声望的“大满贯”网球锦标赛。任何一名选手或一组双打选手能在同一赛季中，赢得这四个锦标赛的冠军时，便获得“大满贯”优胜者的荣誉。

1913年3月1日，由澳大利亚等12个国家的网球协会代表，在巴黎成立了国际网球联合会（ITF），协调国际网球活动，安排全年比赛日程表，修订网球规则并监督它的执行。 1919年，抽签采用“种子”制度。1927年，英国首创无缝网球，使球速加快。1945年至60年代，网球趋向职业化。1963年开始举办女子团体赛——联合会杯赛。1968年温布尔登首先实行不区分业余选手和职业选手的参赛制度。1972年，国际男子职业网球选手协会成立。1973年，国际女子网球协会成立。

1896年在雅典举行的现代第一届奥运会上，网球的男子单打与双打被列为正式比赛项目。后来，由于国际奥委会和国际网球联合会在“业余运动员”问题上有分歧，已经进行了连续七届的奥运会网球比赛项目被取消。直到1984年的洛杉矾奥运会上，网球才被列为表演项目。到1988年的汉城奥运会上，网球重新被列为正式比赛项目。

因为最原始的网球运动是起源于宫廷之中，所以计分方法就地取材是可以理解的。他们拿可以拨动的时钟来计分，每得一次分就将时钟转动四分之一，也就是15分(a quarter，一刻)，同理，得两次分就将时钟拨至30分，当然一切都是以他们的方便为基础。这就是15分、30分的由来。

至于40分，它比较怪异，它不是15的倍数。这是因为在英文中，15分念作"fifteen"，为双音节，而30分念作"thirty"，也是双音节；但是45分，英文念作"forty-five"，变成了三个音节，当时着英国人觉得有点拗口，也不符合"方便"的原则，于是就把它改成同为双音节的40分(forty)。这就是看来不合逻辑的40分的由来。

虽然这样的计分方法看来有些奇怪，但还是依循传统沿用至今，毕竟大家都已经习惯了这种来自宫廷的计分方法。

二、欧洲足球经理怎么玩

描述：进攻时感觉非常好，如果打FB的位置，这些球员能够快速推进参与进攻

范例：罗贝托·卡罗斯阿谢里·科尔

描述：非常注重他们的防守职责，可能只在进攻任意球时才上前

描述：很能做球，不怕将球盘带到中场，常常带动进攻

描述：简单，经常向边路传球(和里贝罗式相反)

描述：勇猛的铲断，利用精确的卡位阻挡对方的进攻

描述：喜欢将球粘在脚上，常常要盘带过防守球员，使用小花招。常被认为很独

描述：不管有没有球，总是在奔跑

描述：尝试创造妙传(渗透传球),常被视为技术性的传球

描述：带球贴近防守球员，常常使用短传不太喜欢突进，落位比较深

描述：大范围跑动，尝试将球盘带到底线，时常忽视自己的防守职责

描述：到处协助队友，上前助攻回来防守

能力：工作效率，团队合作，耐力

描述：勇猛的铲断，利用精确的卡位阻挡对方的进攻

描述：落位在中间，等待长传。当有传中球时快速进入禁区，在高空球方面总是有优势

描述：通常进攻中作用不大，但是善于抢点，造成致命一击

描述：站在防守球员身边，等待防守漏洞

描述：喜欢将防守队员吸引出来，再反插射门

描述：喜欢将球粘在脚上，常常要盘带过防守球员

描述：经常到底线接应中场及后卫球员，一直带球等其他球员到位

描述：通常不是队中最有技术的，当通过勤奋来弥补。持续跑动抢球

High club indentification高的俱乐部内部地位

Low club indentification低的俱乐部内部地位

High training work rate高的训练效率

Takes driven free kicks擅长任意球

Your Managing Director,×××, has organised a party for this week.

你的执行经理×××本周组织了一场聚会

Your Managing Director,×××, has called an emergency meeting for this week.

你的执行经理×××本周组织了一场紧急会议

After you made your views crystal clear to×××, he shrugged his shoulders and went home. A player with his leadership qualities doesn't need to hear that(士气变化).

当你对×××施行处罚时，他耸了耸肩膀然后回家了。这样一个有领导力的球员不需要听着些。

After you made your views crystal clear to×××, he was completely distraught(士气变化).

当你对×××施行处罚时，他为此感到心烦意乱。

After you made your views crystal clear to×××, he grinned scornfully and went home. As a real prima donna he sometimes has bad days(士气变化).

当你对×××施行处罚时，他蔑视地笑了一下。作为一个爱慕虚荣的球员，时常会倒霉的。

After you made your views crystal clear to×××, he thinks that this is perhaps not the only football club on the planet. It is no coincidence that he is known as a journeyman player(士气变化).

当你对×××施行处罚时，他认为这不是地球上唯一一家具乐部。很不幸他一定是个临时球员。

After you made your views crystal clear to×××, he is itching to show everyone in the club what he's made of. He identifies with the club, and is proud of it(士气变化).

当你对×××施行处罚时，他渴望向俱乐部展现他的实力。他是俱乐部的一份子并且为此感到自豪。

After you made your views crystal clear to×××, he has decided to finish with the club for good(士气变化).

当你对×××施行处罚时，他决定好聚好散。

After you made your views crystal clear to×××, the old trooper resolves to throw himself into everything with fresh enthusiasm in future(士气变化).

当你对×××施行处罚时，所有老球员决心用饱满的热情，使自已投身将来的事业。

After you made your views crystal clear to×××, the good-spirited team player resolves to throw himself into everything with fresh enthusiasm in future(士气变化).

当你对×××施行处罚时，状态良好的球员们决心用饱满的热情，使自已投身将来的事业。

After you made your views crystal clear to×××, he resolves to throw himself into everything with fresh enthusiasm in future(士气变化).

当你对×××施行处罚时，该球员决心用饱满的热情，使自已投身将来的事业。

After making your views crystal clear to×××, he is somewhat annoyed, though he knows that you're right(士气变化).

当你对×××施行处罚时，虽然知道你是对的，但是他还是非常恼火。

After you made your views crystal clear to×××, he is really brassed off(士气变化).

当你对×××施行处罚时，他真的无所谓。

After you made your views crystal clear to×××, he understands the reasons for your criticism(士气变化).

当你对×××施行处罚时，他理解你批评他的理由。

After you made your views crystal clear to×××, he can't understand your criticism at all(old morale _VALUE, new morale _VALUE_2).

当你对×××施行处罚时，他完全不理解你批评他的理由。

Your players are irritated by the constant autograph sessions and lose two morale points.

你的球员因频繁的签名活动而气愤，士气-2

Your Managing Director,×××, has received a very good quote for the××× building. You would get everything for×××, but you have to decide within the next 14 days.

你的执行经理×××收到一份极好的关于×××房屋的报价。你能从中获得×××钱，但是必须在14天内做出答复。

××× begs you to choose him for the next match."I think that I have finally earned my chance." What do you think?

×××球员恳请你在下场比赛中安排他上场。他说：我认为我会有机会的。你的看法呢？

The player is very disappointed.

××× is extremely unhappy because you didn't keep your word.

×××球员非常不高兴因为你食言了。

××× is extremely unhappy because he was replaced so early in the last game.

×××球员非常不高兴因为你在上一场比赛中过早的换下他。

××× sent on and replaced again

××× is very annoyed because he was sent on and then taken off again in the same match.

×××球员非常不高兴因为你在上一场比赛中将他替换上场后又换下。

××× wants to leave the club because he feels that the current squad is too weak. He would prefer to be a part of a stronger setup. What is your response?

×××想要离开因为现在的俱乐部太弱小，他想去更好的俱乐部。

××× Criticism of club management

××× has expressed highly negative views regarding the club management in a recent interview.

×××在最近的采访中极力否定俱乐部的管理。

Autograph sessions are annoying

Your players have become tired of the constant autograph sessions and lose 2 morale points.

球员因为频繁的签名活动而感到疲惫。士气-2

Autograph sessions are annoying

Your players have become extremely irritated by the constant autograph sessions and lose 5 morale points.

球员因为频繁的签名活动而感到非常反感。士气-5

After last week's defeat, your fans totally destroyed the special train laid on for them. It will cost×××

上周失败后，球迷彻底砸坏租用车辆。花费×××

Special offer- training camp in Doha

You receive a letter from a sheikh who is a great fan of your team. Next season the training camp at Doha will be available to you for half price.

你收到一封来自一位俱乐部球迷也是阿拉伯酋长的来信。下赛季在多哈的训练营半价。

Special offer- training camp in Eschweiler

特别邀请—在Eschweiler的训练营

In order to improve its image, Eschweiler will make its training camp available to you next year for half price. You mustn't miss those"great conditions right beside the power station"!

为了改变形象，明年Eschweiler将对你半价开放。

Special offer- training camp in St. Moritz

特别邀请—在St. Moritz的训练营

The Tourist Association in St. Moritz would be delighted to welcome your team next year. You could even count on a price reduction of 50%.

一家在St. Moritz的旅行社欢迎你明年去那里，半价优惠。

Your whole team is currently suffering from a stomach bug. All players lose 5 fitness points.

全队突然发生肠胃疾病。全体体能-5

The cook in your training camp hotel prepares particularly tasty and healthy food, which has also helped the team's training program. Your players receive 2 additional fitness points.

训练营厨师今天准备了一份美味健康的食物，能够帮助球队训练。全体体能+2

You find out moths have got into your merchandise warehouse. Half of the replica shirts have been so badly eaten that they can no longer be sold.

你发现商品仓库里有许多飞蛾。一般球衣被严重咬坏无法出售了

A major demonstration on the day of your home match will probably cause a first-class traffic jam. Unfortunately, your stadium does not have a railway connection. For this reason, many fans will stay at home next weekend. Twenty percent fewer spectators are expected.

一场大型示威游行正好在你主场比赛日举行，造成了严重的交通堵塞。不幸的是，你的球场没有和地铁连接，为此人们都呆在家里，降低20%的现场观众

A very well-known pop band are coming to your town. Unfortunately the performance clashes with your next home match. The demand for tickets is clearly faltering; you can expect 10% fewer spectators.

一个非常知名的流行乐队来到城市。不幸影响了你下个主场比赛。球票卖不出去，降低10%的出席率。

A poll has shown that many away fans just stay at home because of the miserable parking situation at the stadium. For this reason, you can probably expect 10% fewer spectators for the next home match.

民意测试显示许多客队球迷宁愿呆在家里因为体育场糟糕的停车状况。因此降低10%的出席率。

The computer system for ticket reservations has broken down.××× has to be paid, and you can expect about 2% fewer spectators due to incomplete sales.

电脑售票系统瘫痪，花费×××，降低2%的出席率。

A TV station wants to do a report on the team's preparation for the next match. Do you agree?

一家电视台想要报道下场比赛的准备情况，同意吗？

You earn××× but training activities will suffer a little(-1 point fitness).

You have turned down their request.

A video production company wants to shoot an educational film about day to day training at your club. Do you agree?

一家音像制作公司想要拍摄俱乐部训练射门的片子，同意吗？

You earn××× but training activities will suffer a little(-1 point fitness).

You have turned down their request.

打开CM和TCM系列游戏，许多玩家会对俱乐部的财务状况那块感兴趣。因为游戏高度的仿真性已经成功地把现实中的许多问题反映出来。那么：

你只是简单地看一眼“转会资金”就匆匆掠过吗？

你只是留意队里哪个球员工资过高，哪个球霸又闹着签新合同吗？

或者你只是留意买卖球员的那些现钱？

如果是，那么你就错失了游戏中最有乐趣的部分之一。

教程共三篇：初级财务会计师教程、中级财务会计师教程、高级财务会计师教程

足球经理游戏——初级财务会计师教程分析俱乐部经常项目。

足球经理游戏——中级财务会计师教程分析俱乐部金融货币项目。

足球经理游戏——高级财务会计师教程分析俱乐部金融资本项目。

足球经理游戏——初级财务会计师教程

专业的足球俱乐部是盈利性企业的一个工具。俱乐部的工作运转都是依靠资金流转实现的，而且俱乐部的财务状况在很大程度上影响着其比赛成绩。比如经世界上经营业绩突出的俱乐部都是豪门：皇马、巴萨、米兰双雄、曼联等等。差的例子更多：水晶宫、考文垂、拉科鲁尼亚、帕尔马等等。除了政治、历史、地理位置、领导层决策等差异，俱乐部财务的好坏主要决定于财务部门的能力。本教程将详细分析足球俱乐部的资金构成和财务内核。

CM游戏的财务设置是比较简单的。它只是将俱乐部的财务内容分为两大块，一块是收入(Income)，另一块是支出(Expenditure)。这种分发对于玩家来说是福音，简单明了，可读性强。当我们展开收入(Income)页面时可以直接了然地看到近几周门票收入如何等，而支出(Expenditure)里标明球员的工资支付情况等。但是它无法诠释俱乐部资金结构。换句话说你无法理解为什么英超查尔顿队拥有狂热的球迷，比赛成绩也不错缺连续4年做出财务预算赤字。同样无法理解强大的意甲罗马队建立的罗马王朝，一世而终。为了解决这些问题，我们需要将所有的财务指标进行更细致的划分，而EA公司发布的TCM系列正是做到了这一点。

首先一个俱乐部的财务应当分为三大模块：经常项目、金融货币项目、金融资本项目

经常项目：指俱乐部内外经常发生的资金转移项目。比如场地维护费、球员工资奖金、俱乐部商品等。

金融货币项目：指短期的一些大金额的运转项目。比如转会费、俱乐部发行的短期债券等等。(时间在1年以内)

金融资本项目：指长期的一些大金额的运转项目。比如俱乐部发行股票、贷款、投资、长期赞助商等等。(时间超过1年的)

1.常项目内容(以TCM2006游戏提供的项目为基准，游戏中文见我签名里的TCM06游戏助手)

收入(Income)——————————————————支出(Expenditure)

(1)季票(Season Tickets)——————————————(1)球员工资(Player Salaries)

(2)联赛门票(Gate Receipts League)——————————(2)雇员工资(Staff Salaries)

(3)国家杯赛门票(Gate Receipts National Cups)—————(3)奖金支出(Bonus Fees)

(4)国际比赛门票(Gate Receipts International Cups)————(4)场地维护费(Maintenace)

7个资金收入中前4个门票收入是主要来源。作为一个成熟联赛里的专业俱乐部应当达到总收入的60%更高。可以看成俱乐部的主营业务收入。根据2005年3月世界财经杂志统计，英超和西甲的俱乐部平均门票收入比例并列第一达66.1%。

广告费用仰赖俱乐部的名望和背景。一般占到总收入的5%左右，不会超过10%。成熟的联赛有着严格的法律规定使得任何俱乐部不得依靠做广告为生。

可是单单依靠这两块收入还是不足一抵冲俱乐部的支出，因此出现足球衍生产品。也就是各种纪念商品的销售。现代管理学将这种商品的内在价格看得很重，认为它包含一种俱乐部文化。

球员工资和雇员工资是俱乐部负债的最主要部分。优秀的俱乐部总是精确核算工资项目，开源节流。这一点诸位玩家做的更好，每次签新合同都是将价格往死里压。一看到某某人要签新合同，周薪要求85000，就两眼冒火，像卖了他。这个比例占到俱乐部全部支出的60%。英超规定上限是70%，意甲上限75%。

奖金支出。由于这项支出在财务会计准则下要向受益人收税，应此几乎所有的俱乐部将大部分的奖金作为福利待遇给予球员的。比如Milan的舍甫琴柯，他的实际进球奖金和普通队员的奖金一样是1000英镑，实际上超出的部分作为其他隐形奖励给了。(这是合法避税，不是逃税！)比例不定。

场地维护费用要看这个国家的体制如何。在我们国家，场地是向当地借的，俱乐部只要负责当期维护清理即可。而国外俱乐部都是自己造的。比例很小在1～3%之间。

TCM里面可以事前调整各个收入和支出的预算。随时调节百分比。在赛季开始初调节体现出大侠精于财务。赛季中调节说明大侠很会审时度势。赛季末调节说明在做假帐。如果你未能满足盈利条件，无法使俱乐部上市，那就要这样做假帐了。

广告费的问题。CM无所谓。TCM里面广告费是可以自己签订的。由于不涉及到成本问题，因此这块受益的最大值公式就是：

Y=F×B×T(其中F是价格，B是广告牌数量，T是展出时间)

球员工资的问题。球员是俱乐部的宝贝，当然不能亏待。多数情况下都是玩家自己凭喜好给钱。但是这里介绍给大家一个“工资杠杆”的概念(SOL)。

工资结构杠杆(SOL)。指俱乐部各个档次球员工资之间的相互关系。

俱乐部里工资结构比例是定死的。除非CM里向董事会要求加工资。所以增加一个球员的工资会引发这一类球员的签新合同的狂潮。切记，不要以为每次签合同把人家定位在普通一线，和大家一样就能压住工资。一旦他和你闹涨工资后，会有一群人找你PK。所以该是选择“绝对主力”就毫不犹豫地定位。

另外不要给予新签来的年轻小选手定位太低，工资太少。比如辛辛苦苦拉来美国的阿杜(Adu，潜力190)结果给个“普通年轻球员”定位，工资350块。人家的情绪先是“对在俱乐部充满信心”，很快会变成“未知”。TCM一样。

案例：假设一个俱乐部18人大名单里主力替补正好7人(周薪20000)，普通主力10人(周薪40000)，绝对主力1人周薪(60000)。现在作为经理，你应该如何考虑球队的工资结构问题呢？(不考虑比赛、市场因素，纯粹的财务问题)

解答：而俱乐部已定的工资结构杠杆(SOL)是20000：40000：60000(1：2：3)

根据SOL的比值1：2：3，得到100000：200000：300000

也就是所有主力替补按SOL应当分得100000英镑。

所有普通主力按SOL应当分得200000英镑。

所有绝对主力按SOL应当分得300000英镑。

那么每个主力替补得到100000/7=14285英镑。低于实际工资的20000。这部分就叫相对福利损益。

(14285—20000)/20000=—28.57%。即相对福利损失为28.57%

每个普通主力得到200000/10=20000英镑。

相对福利损益为(20000—40000)/40000=—50%

每个绝对主力得到300000/1=300000英镑。

相对福利损益为(300000—60000)/60000=400%

看到典型的饿死一窝，养活一个。

因为1：2：3的工资结构杠杆(SOL)是很难改变的，因此我们只好改变球员结构。

加入我们从普通主力中提拔2人到绝对主力，工资都不变。那么就有18人大名单里主力替补正好7人(周薪20000)，普通主力8人(周薪40000)，绝对主力3人周薪(60000)

SOL还是1：2：3。每周支付工资640000英镑。比一前增加(640000-60000)/600000=6.67%

根据SOL的比值1：2：3，得到106666：213332：319998

也就是所有主力替补按SOL应当分得106666英镑。

所有普通主力按SOL应当分得213332英镑。

所有绝对主力按SOL应当分得319998英镑。

那么每个主力替补得到106666/7=15238英镑。

相对福利损失为(15238—20000)/20000=—23.81%。比上面的—28.57%增加了4.76%。福利转好。

每个普通主力得到213332/8=26666英镑。

相对福利损益为(26666—40000)/40000=—33.33%。比上面的—50%增加了16.67%。福利转好。

每个绝对主力得到319998/3=106666英镑。

相对福利损益为(106666—40000)/40000=166.67%。比上面的400%减少了233.33%。福利变坏。

可见我们增加了2个绝对主力，只是每周多支付40000英镑(6.67%)

就可以使整支队伍的中下层球员福利上升，而高工资球员福利下降。缓解贫富差距。你可以说中下层球员实际工资并没有增加呀。是的！工资没有增加，但是福利增加了。对于人心有很大的稳定作用。这就是为什么我说合理定位球员很重要。

足球经理游戏——中级财务会计师教程

上篇教程介绍了俱乐部经常项目的一些知识。我们看到单单依靠俱乐部的门票收入和纪念品收入是远远不能轧平财务总帐的，即支出大于收入。同时上篇介绍的通过改变球队球员结构来提高全队相对福利的做法也是受到俱乐部工资上限的。这样任何的足球俱乐部就得依靠金融货币项目的各项业务来

三、垒球运动英语介绍

Softball in 1996 became the Olympic Games event

The softball technology difficulty, the movement fierce degree are lower than the baseball, latter becomes the female project. The softball movement's birth completely is in one kind of need, as a result of the bad weather and the crowded urban influence, the baseball movement shifts indoor, has formed the softball movement. The softball was born in the 1880s's American Chicago, this movement developed very quickly, and shifted gradually outside, now the world has 2,000 ten thousand people to carry on this sports.

With American of a baseball three big movements compares, the softball needs the location is small, the spheroid is big, ball fast slow(, because softball movement's rule stipulated in throws a ball in process, hand must under shoulder). As a result of the above many merits, the softball movement is all the rage American each region very quickly.

The softball movement divides into two kind of-- fast softball and the slow softball. Softball these two forms deeply American people's affection. Along with two world wars in the American influence's expansion, the softball movement obtained the promotion in the world. Hereafter, the softball becomes the female movement gradually. 1950, the softball project also played from the populace transforms into athletics sports items. Australia as early as has held the first national female softball championship tournament in 1947, but corresponding men's competition only then started until 1984. in 1965, in the first session of female softball international championship finals which held in Australia's Melbourne, the host Australia team by 1-0 has defeated the US team, has won the world champion. After this competition, the fast softball has become the softball movement mainstream very quickly.

Second session of female softball international championship hold in 1970. Hereafter, every other four years, then separately conduct a time male, the female, the youth softball international championship. At this point, the softball movement produces hundred years later, the softball was still one which of movements the entire US most receives welcome. The world softball federation also had more than 110 member nations.

The softball movement development initial period, including four shortstops, each side has ten going on stage members. The slow softball is called kittenball and mushball, because the slow softball's rule requests the ball which the pitcher shoots to probably have an arc, thus effective limit ball fast, causes competition's score to be very usually high. On the contrary, the fast softball is the low score pitcher's competition, in the competition also has nine going on stage members.

However Olympic Games' softball movement may not compare professional baseball movement difference how many, at the Atlanta Olympic Games, once had the pitcher to project the speed to reach as high as 118 kilometers balls. Because the softball pitcher with strikes between the player to have 12.2 meters distances, the baseball is 18.4 meters, generally baseball pitcher's ball fast for each hour 160 kilometers, therefore regarding the softball contestant, its reaction capacity does not miss how many compared to the baseball contestant.

In addition, in English named“soft ball” softball its spheroid similarly is in fact hard with the baseball. Two seedball's only differences lie, the softball body's perimeter is 30.4 centimeters, the baseball body's perimeter is 22.8 centimeters.

The Olympic Games softball competition altogether has eight teams to participate, competes carries on according to the fast softball rule. In eight participating teams besides host team automatic being accepted, other seven teams through various local invitational meet production.

These eight participating teams first carry on the big round robin competition, each team must meet one time with other seven matches. In the round robin competition places the first four teams to enter wears sends the system semi-final, namely by the first team to the second team, the winning team enters the finals directly; The losing team scrambles for another finals seat with between the third team's to fourth team other semi-final's winning team.

1st, the competition carries on 7 games generally, after 7 games had finished, captures the minute to win. If after 7 game of competitions, two teams planish, will enter the extension match, until has a side to win. The regulation game has 4 referees to hold generally cuts, respectively is 1 Si Qiu the referee and 3 base umpire referees, the important competition will again also additionally build 2 Si Xian the referee. Both sides have 9 members to go on stage respectively attend the competition.

2nd, the defensive player acts according to the field the position respectively is: The pitcher, takes over, the first baseman, the second baseman, the third baseman, the shortstop, the left outfielder, the outfielder, the right outfielder. The attack member presses the order which sets up beforehand to go on stage in turn hits a ball.

3rd, score and security: In the competition, after the batter strokes the ball which opposite party pitcher projects, treats the ball falls after the sideline can the base running, falls to the sideline outside is the foul ball, the batter continues to hit a ball. If ejects the ball in airborne namely is met by the defensive player, regardless in outside, the batters directly leave office. The ball falls after, the defensive player must pick up the ball rapidly and pass on to assigns to build the position, if batter(or already in piled up base runner) before the ball passes to the corresponding rampart position arrives first, for safe, otherwise leaves office, as soon as if the batter arrives smoothly along the counter clockwise builds and transforms into the base runner, then runs the second base, the third base in turn, when finally runs back the home plate, a point. In one game, if the attack side has 3 members to leave office, then attacked finishes, both sides exchanged the offense and defense. Bilateral various offenses and defenses one time is one game.

4th, home run: The home run is refers to the batter to eject directly the ball the outfield circle net, this time the batter and is piling up the base runner may run back the home plate and score points.

垒球技术难度、运动剧烈程度低于棒球，后成为女子项目。垒球运动的诞生完全是处于一种需要，由于恶劣的天气和拥挤的城市影响，棒球运动转移到室内，就形成了垒球运动。垒球诞生于19世纪80年代的美国芝加哥，这项运动很快发展起来，并逐渐又转移到室外，现在全世界有2,000万人进行这项体育运动。

同美国三大运动之一的棒球相比，垒球所需的场地小、球体大、球速慢(因为垒球运动的规则规定在抛球过程中，手必须要在肩下)。由于以上诸多优点，垒球运动很快风靡美国各地。

垒球运动分为两种——快速垒球和慢速垒球。垒球的这两种形式都深受美国人民的喜爱。随着二次世界大战中美国势力的扩张，垒球运动在全世界得到了推广。此后，垒球逐渐成为女子运动。1950年代，垒球项目也从大众游戏转变成为竞技体育项目。澳大利亚早在1947年就举办了第一届全国女子垒球锦标赛，而相应的男子比赛直到1984年才开始。1965年，在澳大利亚的墨尔本举行的第一届女子垒球世锦赛决赛中，东道主澳大利亚队以1-0击败了美国队，夺得了世界冠军。这次比赛后，快速垒球很快成为了垒球运动的主流。

第二届女子垒球世锦赛举行于1970年。此后，每隔四年，便分别举办一次男子、女子、青年垒球世锦赛。时至今日，在垒球运动产生百年之后，垒球仍然是全美最受欢迎的运动之一。世界垒球联合会也有了一百一十多个成员国。

垒球运动发展初期，包括四名游击手，每方有十名上场队员。慢速垒球又被称为kittenball和mushball,由于慢速垒球的规则要求投手掷出的球必须要有一弧线，从而有效的限制了球速，使得比赛的比分通常很高。与此相反，快速垒球则是低分投手的竞争，比赛中也只有九名上场队员。

不过奥运会的垒球运动可不比职业棒球运动差多少，亚特兰大奥运会上，曾有投手投出了时速高达118公里的球。由于垒球的投手与击球手之间只有12.2米的距离，棒球为18.4米，一般棒球投手的球速为每小时160公里，所以对于垒球选手来说，其反应能力不比棒球选手差多少。

此外，在英文中名为“软球”的垒球其球体实际上与棒球同样坚硬。两种球的唯一不同之处在于，垒球体的周长为30.4厘米，棒球体的周长为22.8厘米。

奥运会垒球比赛共有八支球队参加，比赛按快速垒球的规则进行。八支参赛队中除东道主球队自动入围外，其它七支球队则通过各地区的预选赛产生。

这八支参赛队首先进行大循环赛，每队均要与其它七个对手相遇一次。循环赛中排名前四位的球队进入佩寄制半决赛，即由第一名球队对第二名球队，胜队直接进入决赛；负队则与第三名球队对第四名球队间的另外一场半决赛的胜队争夺另一决赛席位。

1、比赛一般进行7局，7局结束后夺得分多者获胜。如果7局比赛之后两队打平的话，将进入延长赛，直到有一方获胜为止。正式比赛一般有4名裁判执裁，分别为1名司球裁判和3名司垒裁判，重大比赛还会再增设2名司线裁判。双方各有9名队员上场参加比赛。

2、防守队员根据场上位置分别为：投手、接手、一垒手、二垒手、三垒手、游击手、左外场手、中外场手、右外场手。进攻队员依次按事先排定的次序上场击球。

3、得分和安全：在比赛中，击球员击打对方投手投出的球后，待球落在边线以内后才能跑垒，落到边线以外为界外球，击球员继续击球。如击出的球在空中即被防守队员接住，无论界内界外，击球员都直接出局。球落在界内后，防守队员须迅速捡起球并传向指定垒位，如果击球员（或已经在垒上的跑垒员）在球传到相应垒位之前先到达，则为安全，否则就出局，如果击球员沿逆时针方向顺利到达一垒并转变为跑垒员，然后依次跑上二垒、三垒，最后跑回本垒时，得一分。在一局内，如果进攻方有3名队员出局，则进攻结束，双方交换攻守。双方各攻守一次为一局。

4、本垒打：本垒打是指击球员将球直接击出外场围网，此时击球员和所有在垒上的跑垒员都可以跑回本垒并得分。

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